Read's agency is currently funding various pioneering approaches to robotics, some of which involve actuators made of elastomers – like rubbery plastics. Such material might be sandwiched between electrodes so that they contract or expand as voltage is applied and removed, for example. Not unlike an animal muscle.
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缺点：负区间可能“死亡”，即神经元永远不激活
最后，智能体还需要有很强的可靠性、可控性，才能规模化的带来价值。这既体现在智能体能否稳定、鲁棒地完成任务，也体现在其行为是否始终与人类的真实意图与价值观保持一致。在《2001：太空漫游》中，AI为完成任务选择牺牲人类乘员，正是目标函数与人类价值未能有效对齐的极端后果。随着智能体智能水平与自主性的提升，这类对齐失败带来的风险可能会被进一步放大。